Introduction
The Mature Harappan Phase (c. 2600–1900 BCE) marks the peak of the Indus Valley Civilization. During this period, cities developed with remarkable planning, organisation, and economic strength. Excavations at sites such as Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, and Lothal reveal the main features of this urban culture.
Main Features
1. Planned Urban Layout (Grid Pattern)
Cities were systematically planned with streets crossing each other at right angles, forming a grid pattern. This shows advanced knowledge of town planning and civic organisation.
2. Division into Citadel and Lower Town
Most cities had two distinct parts:
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The Citadel (elevated area) contained important public buildings such as granaries and assembly halls.
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The Lower Town consisted of residential areas.
This indicates social organisation and administrative planning.
3. Advanced Drainage System
One of the most remarkable features was the well-constructed drainage system. Houses had bathrooms connected to covered drains along the streets. This reflects concern for sanitation and public health.
4. Standardisation of Bricks, Weights, and Measures
Uniform brick sizes and standard weights were used across different cities. This suggests central authority and strong economic regulation.
5. Economic Prosperity and Trade
The economy was based on agriculture, crafts, and trade. Dockyards at Lothal and seals found in Mesopotamia indicate long-distance trade relations.
6. Craft Specialisation
Evidence of bead-making, metallurgy, pottery, and seal carving shows skilled craftsmanship and division of labour.
Conclusion
Thus, Mature Harappan urbanisation was characterised by systematic planning, sanitation, standardisation, and economic development. These features reflect a highly organised and advanced urban civilisation in ancient India.
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